塔里木河流域叶尔羌高原鳅营养成分分析

利用常规肌肉营养分析方法测定了叶尔羌高原鳅[Triplophysa(Hedinichthys)yarkandensis]的肌肉营养成分。结果表明,叶尔羌高原鳅肌肉中(鲜重)蛋白质含量为24.87%、脂肪为3.61%、水分为70.12%、粗灰分为1.40%;其肌肉(干重)总能值为26760J/g;肌肉中(鲜重)矿物元素含量为钙5466.7mg/kg、磷1083.2mg/kg、钾592.3mg/kg、铁6.0mg/kg、锰0.78mg/kg、锌0.66mg/kg、铜0.12mg/kg。其肌肉中含有常见的17种氨基酸,其中包括8种人体必需氨基酸,氨基酸总量(占鲜重)为22.65%,必需氨基酸总量为11.04%,必需氨基酸的构成比例符合FAO/WHO的标准,鲜味氨基酸含量为3.66%。叶尔羌高原鳅的营养价值高于一般鱼类,适于作名贵鱼类养殖。     

康拉克湖区叶尔羌高原鳅繁殖特性的初步研究

试验研究了康拉克湖区叶尔羌高原鳅的繁殖特性,包括雌、雄鱼的外部特征和内部构造及繁殖习性。雌雄鱼从体型、胸鳍形态上均有所不同;卵巢为单一囊状,以1根输卵管通到泄殖孔;精巢分为左右两叶,表面光滑无皱褶;成熟卵的颜色为浅黄色,粘性,沉性卵。生殖高峰期在5月中旬到6月底。成熟雌鱼性成熟系数高,平均35.23,最高达67.83。回归分析显示,繁殖群体全长与体质量呈极显著的幂函数关系;绝对繁殖力与全长、体重呈正相关;相对繁殖力、成熟系数与全长和体质量不存在显著的函数关系。     

叶尔羌高原鳅仔鱼饥饿试验及不可逆点的确定

为了更好地增殖和保护叶尔羌高原鳅（Triplophysa yarkandensisa）这一塔里木河水系优势土著鱼类,拟采用实验生态法,在水温（20±1）℃条件下,利用人工孵化获得叶尔羌高原鳅初孵仔鱼进行饥饿试验,确定仔鱼的不可逆点（PNR）,并研究延迟投饵对仔鱼成活和生长的影响。结果显示,叶尔羌高原鳅仔鱼3日龄即开口摄食,进入混合营养期,仔鱼卵黄囊于6～7日龄消耗完毕,混合营养期维持仅为3～4 d。初次摄食点出现在3日龄时,摄食率仅为16.7%,初次摄食率最高达在7日龄,摄食率可达90%,PNR出现在仔鱼孵出后的8～9日龄。3日龄后饥饿对仔鱼卵黄吸收速度影响显著((P< 0.05);摄食仔鱼生长呈线性增加,饥饿仔鱼生长呈现先升高后降低的趋势。叶尔羌高原鳅仔鱼的最佳投喂时间应在仔鱼开口后4d之内。研究表明：叶尔羌高原鳅仔鱼个体较小,对于初次摄食饵料的的选择范围较小,食谱范围窄,初孵仔鱼死亡率高,对于高原鳅属仔鱼开口饵料有待进一步开发。     

Digestive rate of Dongtian F1 red Dear in weaning period and growth period

In this paper, 4N-HCLAIA method was adopted to conduct digestive tests in young female and male Dongtian F₁ red deer (Cervus elaphus) of rearing seperately in growth period and mixed raising in weaning period in Harbin Specialty Research Institute. Results indicated that digestive rate of crude protein and crude fiber were 95.35% and 73.68% respectively when rational protein content was 26.8% in growth period, Digestive rate was not significantly different between female and male(P>0.05); During weaning period, when rational crude protein content is 22.06%, digestive rate of crude protein and crude fiber were 93.05% and 63.96%, respectively. The tests suggest that higher rational protein can be effective in accelerating growth of young Dongtian F₁ red deer during growth period and weaning period(before 10 months old). (Reponsible Editor: Chai Ruihai)     

东北马鹿与天山马鹿杂交F_1茸重性状的杂种优势率

采用本交和人工授精方法，用选育的东北马鹿母鹿与天山马鹿特级种公鹿杂交（ 简称东天杂交） ，对东天杂交 Ｆ１ 茸重性状及其杂种优势进行了观测，结果表明，本交获得的１１２ 只１ ～５ 锯 Ｆ１ 头茬茸鲜重平均为４１９３ ｋｇ ，对双亲的３９９７ ｋｇ 的杂种优势率为４９ ％ （ Ｐ＜ ００５） ，比母本的提高５２９ ％ ；人工授精获得的５５ 只１ ～３ 锯 Ｆ１ 头茬茸鲜重平均为３７１０ ｋｇ ，对双亲的３３２７ ｋｇ 的杂种优势率为１００２ ％ （ Ｐ＜ ００１） ，比母本的提高４６５ ％ 。     

黑龙江完达山东部林区偷猎对野生马鹿种群的影响

2004年和2005年冬季，在黑龙江省完达山林区，通过实地调查、发放调查表和走访当地居民等方法，初步确定了该林区偷猎活动的主要方式及真对野生马鹿种群繁殖率和存活率的影响，并根据实际调查状况和存在的问题，提出了相应的保护和管理建议。结果表明：研究地区造成马鹿死亡的因素主要包括枪打、下套和下药，此外也存在狗咬、自然灾害和疫病等。在研究地区各林场的偷猎频率和强度各不尽相同，但高频率和高强度偷猎活动是引起马鹿种群数量急剧下降的最主要原因。     

Two genetically distinct units of the Chinese sika deer (cervus nippon): analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation

Chinese sika deer, Cervus nippon, are currently threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation and human hunting, which has led to the extinction of three subspecies in the wild. The remaining subspecies subsist in the narrow regions of Jilin, Heilongjiang, Sichuan, Gansu, Jiangxi, Anhui, and Zhejiang provinces. In order to design effective conservation strategies for the Chinese sika deer, we have investigated genetic diversity, population structure and gene flow in the Chinese sika deer populations by analyzing ≈995 base pairs of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region in 59 individuals sampled from the northeast of China, Sichuan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang. Chinese sika deer exhibited low mtDNA diversity and high gene flow among the four populations, and showed no strong geographical structure. The analyses of mtDNA variation among individuals of sika deer identified only two main phylogenetic groups even though three subspecies were sampled. These data singles out the Zhejiang population as being highly genetically distinct and worthy of separate conservation consideration. Therefore, it is recommended that a breeding program for the Zhejiang population be established.     

Aspen persistence near the National Elk Refuge and Gros Ventre Valley elk feedgrounds of Wyoming, USA

We investigated aspen (Populus tremuloides)regeneration in the Gros Ventre River Valley, the National Elk Refuge and a small part of Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, USA to see if elk (Cervus elaphus) browsing was as damaging as previously thought. We conducted a landscape-scale survey to assess aspen regeneration across gradients of wintering elk concentrations using 68 randomly selected aspen stands in the 1090 km² study area. Forty-four percent of the stands sampled supported some newer regeneration that had reached the canopy. There were no significant differences of regeneration across elk winter range classification (p=0.25) or distance from feedgrounds (p=0.96). However, a multiple linear regression found that the concentration of elk was one of several important predictors of successful aspen regeneration (p=0.005, R ²=0.36). Our results suggest that stand-replacing regeneration occurs across the landscape at a variety of elk densities despite some trends of reduced regeneration under greater elk concentrations. We propose that high spatial and temporal variation and scattered patches of successful aspen regeneration characterize aspen persistence between periods of episodic regeneration and recruitment.     

半散放东北马鹿人工授精技术

人工授精技术的关键是母鹿的发情鉴定。半散放母鹿的发情表现分为 3种类型 :隐性发情、表现发情和发情 ,表现类型不同 ,受孕率也不同。发情母鹿的受孕率为 95 0 0 % ;表现发情母鹿的受孕率为 71 43 % ,隐性发情母鹿的受孕率为 5 0 0 0 %。人工授精输精率为 85 5 8% ,受孕率为 78 65 %。同自然繁殖的母鹿相比 ,受孕率提高近 3 0 %。     

基于RNA-Seq技术的塔里木马鹿毛色相关差异表达基因筛选及初步分析

旨在基于RNA-Seq技术对塔里木马鹿毛色相关基因进行筛选及分析。采用Illumina Hi Seq TM2000测序平台对塔里木马鹿和天山马鹿的皮肤组织进行转录组测序,所得序列经质控、组装后比对到NR、Swiss-Prot、COG、KOG、KEGG、GO和Pfam数据库中注释,并对差异表达基因进行筛选、功能注释和富集分析。结果表明,测序获得25 038个有注释信息的Unigenes,比对分析显示,塔里木马鹿与天山马鹿有922个差异表达基因,其中上调表达基因495个,下调表达基因427个;GO功能富集分析结果显示,568个差异表达基因富集到61个GO条目上,分别参与了生物学过程、细胞组分及分子功能;KEGG代谢通路富集分析发现,在差异表达基因中富集最显著的代谢通路是ECM-受体相互作用。利用实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）方法分析与塔里木马鹿毛色相关的7个候选基因的转录水平变化来验证转录组测序结果的准确性和可靠性,这些基因的表达趋势与转录组测序结果相一致。ECM-受体相互作用、蛋白质消化与吸收、PI3K-Akt信号通路及与黑色素合成相关的酪氨酸等通路可能与塔里木马鹿的毛色有关;候选基因MITF、Ggt1、VDR、PTPRF、CⅡTA、ARPC5L、POMC等可能在塔里木马鹿毛色形成过程中发挥重要作用。本研究结果为今后塔里木马鹿毛色相关基因的分子调控机制方面及挖掘潜在的新基因提供了丰富的试验数据。